4D Minkowski Spacetime: The Quirk of Constants

Mathematicians love constants because they prevent answers from being wild and patternless. This then puts very broad and abstract ideas distillable into something more rigid and predictable.

For example, pi is a constant that makes it easy to imagine the different sizes and versions of a circle.

• Seeing pi in an equation makes the mind easily understand that it will have to do something with a circle-shape.

So the discovery of light as a constant c in the late 19th century led to the idea that the universe would similarly have some kind of geometry.

Since c is a measure of speed, and since speed involves 3-dimensional space per time, then this makes the mathematician-turned-physicist, named Einstein, imagine a geometrical space in 3 dimensions that re-renders itself per unit of time, now called a continuum.

A four-dimensional continuum described by the co-ordinates x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , was called ‘world’ by Minkowski, who also termed a point-event a ‘orld-point’.

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Einstein Relativity, Appendix

But not all movements are linear. And so Einstein further imagines a continuum that bends arbitrarily, as differential geometry, and then imposes that onto physical reality.

In fact, another mathematician-turned-physicist Hawking has a whole book on these fanciful, arbitrary large-scale geometries just like a sci-fi writer can create a trilogy of magical universes with inevitable plot holes.

• These plot holes must exist because the human mind is limited and so cannot possibly recreate new universes without flaws and inconsistencies.
• The plot holes in Einstein’s universe include worm holes, white holes, dark matter, and singularities which are swept under the rug.

Metric Tensor: The Simultaneity of Time Fallacy

The flaw of using constants to create the shape of space, locking spatial reality in, is understandable error.

But in order to make the arbitrary spacetimes real, Einstein uses the speed of light – the same c that created space – to create time, as the simultaneity of time.

We test simultaneity by putting an observer in the middle M between A and B. He as two mirrors inclined at 90° to let him see both A and B at the same time. If he sees the two flashes of lightning at the same time, then they are simultaneous [happen at the same time] You object by saying that “time” would only be “simultaneity” if light travels at a constant speed but the speed of light is measured by time. You would say this is reasoning in a circle and therefore, simultaneity has absolutely nothing to do with light.

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Einstein Relativity, Chapter 8

This limits temporal movement to the speed of light. While the continuum makes arbitrary space-shapes, the simultaneity of time limits the changing of spacetime.

• The continuum prevents levitation
• The simultaneity prevents easier teleportation and time travel

This then creates a universe locked-in by the radiant layer just as the Ptolemy’s concentric spheres locked in the geocentric universe around the Earth.