Intramolecular Forces

These manifest as strong chemical bonds leading to specific chemical behavior such as acid-base reactions.

Atomic Gravity instead of Electronegativity

Atomic gravity is from the virtual space particles that pushes lesser atomic masses towards larger ones.

Ionic

This is when an electron (qor1) is transferred from one atom to another, creating oppositely charged ions that stick together by electrostatic attraction.

This happens typically between:

• a “low electronegativity” metal that loses electrons
• a “high electronegativity” non-metal that gains electrons

An Example is Sodium chloride (NaCl).

• Na♀ or v11♀ loses electrons and becomes feminine
• Cl♂ or v17♂ gains electrons and so becomes masculine

Na♀Cl♂ or v11♀v17♂ attract each other in a crystal lattice.

Properties:

• Strong bonds
• High melting/boiling points
• Often soluble in water.
• Conducts electricity only when molten or dissolved (ions are free to move).

Covalent

This is when atoms share electrons so both achieve stable electron configurations (often an octet).

This happens typically with 2 nonmetals with similar electronegativities.

An example is Water H₂O or v1(2)v8

• Each H or v1 shares an electron with O or v8.
• O or v8 ends up with 8 valence electrons (stable), each H with 2 (stable).

Properties:

• Can form gases, liquids, or solids
• Lower melting/boiling points than ionic
• Poor conductors (no free charges, unless polar and dissolved)
• Directional (bond forms at specific angles, leading to shapes like tetrahedra, bent, linear).

Metallic

Positive metal ions are arranged in a lattice, surrounded by a “sea of delocalized electrons” that move freely.

This happens to Metals with low electronegativity.

An example is rust: Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe).

• Each atom contributes valence electrons to the “sea.”

Electrons can move, giving metals their unique properties.

Properties:

• Conduct heat and electricity well (mobile electrons).
• Malleable and ductile (ions can slide while the sea of electrons keeps bonding intact).
• Shiny (electrons reflect light).