Table of Contents
From the chart below, we can see that Western enlightenment began with Francis Bacon and ended with Adam Smith, which is around 200 years.
After that, darkness crept in with Charles Darwin, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Marx until it reached its peak with Einstein amd Hitler.
Here is the updated timeline with all the requested figures added. I’ve integrated them into the appropriate historical periods based on their lifespans.
Thinker
1550
1600
1650
1700
1750
1800
1850
1900
Francis Bacon
1561–1626
Galileo
1564–1642
Hobbes
1588–1679
Descartes
1596–1650
Pascal
1623–1662
Shaftesbury
1621–1683
Huygens
1629–1695
Josiah Child
1630–1699
Barbon
1640–1698
Spinoza
1632–1677
John Locke
1632–1704
Malebranche
1638–1715
Newton
1643–1727
Leibniz
1646–1716
Dampier
1651–1715
Jacob Bernoulli
1655–1705
Stahl
1659–1734
Johann Bernoulli
1667–1748
Montesquieu
1689–1755
Maupertuis
1698–1759
Daniel Bernoulli
1700–1782
Franklin
1706–1790
Euler
1707–1783
David Hume
1711–1776
Adam Smith
1723–1790
Kant
1724–1804
Rousseau
1712–1778
Lagrange
1736–1813
Lamarck
1744–1829
Malthus
1766–1834
Hegel
1770–1831
Gauss
1777–1855
Schopenhauer
1788–1860
1550
1600
1650
1700
1750
1800
1850
1900