Penrose, Roger on Superphysics https://www.superphysics.org/research/penrose/ Recent content in Penrose, Roger on Superphysics Hugo en Before The Big Bang: An Outrageous New Perspective And Its Implications For Particle Physics https://www.superphysics.org/research/penrose/part-01/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://www.superphysics.org/research/penrose/part-01/ <!-- Roger Penrose Mathematical Institute, 24-29 St Giles’, Oxford OX1 3LB, U.K. --> <h2 id="the-basic-conundrum">THE BASIC CONUNDRUM</h2> <p>Proposals for describing the initial state of the universe has a fundamental conundrum [1] &ndash; the Second Law of thermodynamics.</p> The Enormity Of The Specialness https://www.superphysics.org/research/penrose/part-02/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://www.superphysics.org/research/penrose/part-02/ <p>In order to stress the extraordinary scale of this problem, and the intrinsic implausibility of explanations of this kind, it is helpful to enter a little more precisely into the definition of entropy, and to estimate the entropy magnitudes that we have to contend with. Boltzmann provided us with a beautiful formula for the entropy S of a system:</p>