Iran on Superphysics

Economy and Financial Affairs

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Article 43: In order to secure the economic independence of society, to uproot poverty and deprivation, to fulfill the needs of human beings in the process of growth, while also maintaining liberty, the economy of the Islamic Republic of Iran will be based on the following criteria:

Foreign Policy

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Article 152: The foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran is based on the rejection of any kind of domination, both its exercise and submission to it; the preservation of the all-inclusive independence of the country and its territorial integrity; the defense of the rights of all Muslims; non-alignment in relation to the domineering powers; mutual peaceful relations with nonaggressive states. Article 153: Any form of agreement that would result in foreign domination over the natural and economic resources, foreign domination over culture, the army, and other affairs of the country, is forbidden.

General Principles

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Article 1: The government of Iran is an Islamic Republic, which the nation of Iran based on its long-held belief in the rule of the truth and the justice of the Qu’ran, and after its victorious Islamic revolution, under the leadership of marja’-e taqlīd the exalted Grand Ayatollah Imam Khomeini, has established. The measure was ratified by the 98.2 percent affirmative vote of all the eligible voters in a referendum that was held on the 10th and the 11th of Farvardīn in the year 1358 of the solar Islamic calendar, agnate to the first and the second of jumādī al-awlā’ in the year 1399 of the lunar Islamic calendar.

Introduction

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In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful He sent aforetime our messengers with clear signs. And sent down with them the book and the balance (of right and wrong), that men may stand in justice.1 Introduction The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran is a declaration of the social, cultural, political, and economic foundations of the Iranian society based on Islamic principles and norms that reflect the heartfelt desire of the Islamic community. These fundamental desires are elaborated in the qualities of the great Islamic revolution of Iran, and the revolutionary process of the Muslim people, from the beginning to the victory; principles which were crystallized through the decisive and strong slogans of all segments of society. Now at the dawn of this great victory our nation longs wholeheartedly to realize this demand. The definitive characteristic of this revolution, apropos other uprisings of Iran during this century, is its ideological and Islamic nature. After experiencing the anti-despotic constitutional uprising and the anti-colonial uprising for the nationalization of oil, the Muslim nation of Iran learned the invaluable lesson that the specific and essential reason for the failure of these uprisings was the non-doctrinal quality of the struggles. Although the Islamic line of thinking and the leadership of the clerics have played an essential and fundamental role in these recent uprisings, the latter declined quickly because they departed from the authentic positions of Islam. As a result, the alert conscience of the nation, under the invaluable leadership of the source of religious emulation (marja’-e taqlīd) the exalted Grand Ayatollah Imam Khomeini, perceived the necessity for following the path of an authentic, doctrinal, and Islamic uprising. This time, his leadership provided a new momentum for the committed authors and intellectuals and the country’s defiant clerics who had always been in the forefront of massive uprisings. (The beginning of the recent uprising of the nation of Iran was in the year 1382 of the lunar Islamic calendar, agnate to 1341 of the solar Islamic calendar.) The Dawn of the Uprising The catalyst for the nation’s united movement was Imam Khomeini’s objection to an American scheme, “the White Revolution,” which was a step toward strengthening the foundations of tyranny and increasing Iran’s political, cultural, and economic dependency on world imperialism. The ensuing grand and bloody revolution of the Muslim community in the month of Khordad, 1342 [1963], was in fact the germination of this splendid and vast uprising. This strengthened and sealed the focal position of Imam as the embodiment of Islamic leadership. In spite of his exile from Iran as a result of his objections to the outrageous capitulation law (which ensured American advisers’ legal immunity), the firm ties between the Muslim community and the Imam remained intact. The Muslim nation, and especially the committees of intellectuals and the militant clerics, carried out their objectives amidst imprisonment, torture, exile, and execution.

Language, Script, Calendar, and the Official Flag

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Article 15: Persian is the official and common language and script of the people of Iran. The documents, correspondence, official texts, and schoolbooks must all be in this language and script. However, use of regional and ethnic languages in the press, the mass media, and the teaching of their literature at schools, alongside the Persian language, is freely permitted. Article 16: Since Arabic is the language of the Qur’an and Islamic culture and scholar- ship, and since Persian literature is completely interwoven with it, Arabic must be taught after elementary school, until the end of high school, and in all classes and in all fields of study. Article 17: The official calendar of the country is based on the date of the migration (622 CE) of the Prophet of Islam (God’s peace be upon him and his family). Both the solar and the lunar calendars are valid. However, the operation of the governmental offices is based on the solar calendar. The official weekly holiday is on Friday.

Mass Media

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Article 17549: Freedom of expression and dissemination of ideas must be granted through the mass media of the Islamic Republic of Iran, with due observance of Islamic criteria and the welfare of the country.

Nation's Rights

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Article 19: The people of Iran enjoy equal rights, regardless of the tribe or ethnic group to which they belong. Color, race, language, and other such considerations shall not be grounds for special privileges.

The Councils

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Article 100: Councils are formed in order to, through the collaboration of the people, promptly advance social, economic, developmental, public health, cultural, and educational programs as well as other welfare-related matters. The administrative affairs of each village, district, city, municipality, and province take place under the supervision of a council named the council of the village, district, city, municipality, and province. The members of the council are elected by the people of that locality.

The Executive Power

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Section One: The Presidency and the Ministers

Article 11322: After the leadership, the President of the Republic is the highest official of the country. He is responsible for executing the constitution and heading the executive power, except in instances that are directly related to the leadership. Article 114: The President of the Republic is elected for four years by the direct vote of the people. His consecutive election is allowed just for one additional term. Article 115: The President of the Republic must be elected from among the religious and political elite who meet the following qualifications: Iranian origin, Iranian nationality, administrative leadership, clear past record, honesty and piety, believing in the fundamentals of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the official religion of the country. Article 116: The candidates for presidency must officially announce their candidacy prior to the start of the elections. The law determines how the President of the Republic is elected. Article 117: The President of the Republic is elected by the absolute majority vote of the voters; however, if in the first round of voting none of the candidates has a majority, votes will be cast for a second time on the Friday of the following week. Only the two candidates who had the most votes will participate in the second round of the election. If some of the candidates, who in the first round of election had more votes, are

The Judiciary

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Article 156: The judiciary is an independent power that protects individual and social rights and is responsible for actualizing justice. It is responsible for the following duties:

investigating and issuing judgment on grievances, infringements of the law, com- plaints, settling litigations and resolving hostilities, making decisions and taking the necessary actions in probate matters as determined by the law;
restoring public rights and promoting justice and the legitimate freedoms;
overseeing the quality of the execution of the laws;
uncovering crimes, prosecuting, punishing and reprimanding criminals; and enforcing the conditions and regulations of the established Islamic penal code;
taking appropriate steps to reform the criminals and to prevent crimes. Article 15741: In order to fulfill the responsibilities of the judiciary power in all of the judicial, administrative, and executive matters, the leadership designates for a period of five years a just scholar of jurisprudence (mujtahid), who is knowledgeable of judicial matters and is a competent administrator as the head of the judiciary power: the supreme position in the judiciary power. Article 15842: The duties of the judiciary power are as follows:
creating the necessary institutions in the Ministry of Justice in accordance with the responsibilities of Article 156;

41 Article 157 (1979 Edition): In order to fulfill the responsibilities of the judiciary power a council called the Supreme Judiciary Council is formed which is the highest authority of the judiciary power. Its responsibilities are as follows:

The Leader or Leadership Council

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Article 10716: After the honorable source of emulation, the great leader of the global Islamic Revolution, and the founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the venerated Grand Ayatollah, Imam Khomaini, may his noble character be sanctified, who was acknowledged and accepted by the undisputed majority of the people as the marja‘and the leader, the responsibility for designating the leader shall be with the Experts who are appointed by the people. The Experts consider all the qualified jurisprudents as discussed in Articles 5 and 109, and consult with one another about them. If they find one of them the most knowledgeable about the rules and subjects of jurisprudence, or political and social issues, or acceptability by the public, or significance in any one of the qualifications indicated in Article 109, that person shall be selected as the leader; otherwise, one of the Experts is chosen and declared as the leader. The leader who is appointed by the Experts is in charge of the sovereignty of the command and all the responsibilities that derive from it. Before the law, the leader is equal to other people in the country. Article 10817: The law on the number and qualifications of the Experts, the manner of their selection, and the internal guidelines of their meetings in the first term must be prepared by the jurisprudents of the first Guardian Council. It must be ratified by their majority vote, and submitted to the leader for the final approval. Whence, any change or review of this law and approval of the regulations related to the responsibilities of the Experts falls within the authority of the Experts them- selves.

The Legislative Power

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Part I: The Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majles)

Article 62: The Islamic Consultative Assembly consists of the representatives of the nation who are elected directly and by secret ballot. The law determines the qualifications of the electors and the elected and the manner of the elections.

The Right of National Sovereignty and its Ensuing Powers

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Article 56: Absolute sovereignty over the world and the human being belongs to God. And it is He who has made human beings sovereign over their social destiny. No one can take this divine right away from human beings or apply it to the interests of a special person or group. The nation exercises this God-given right in ways that are specified in the following articles.

Revisions in the Constitution

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Article 177: Revisions in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran can take place in urgent cases as follows. After consultation with the Expediency Council, the leadership, in a statement addressed to the President of the Republic, poses the instances that require correction or amendment to the constitution, to the Council of Reevaluating the constitution, which consists of the following: