Intro-Aetherspace Relationalities

Feynman Diagrams visualize the convertible relationality between flipping particles.

The Intro-Aetherspace facilitates the following phenomena as relationalities:

1. Radioactive Decay

2. Neutrino Interactions

• Neutrino scattering off electrons and nucleons (both charged-current and neutral-current interactions).
• Neutrino oscillation: While the oscillation itself is a quantum mechanical effect, the weak force is the only force neutrinos feel (besides gravity), so all neutrino detection and interaction phenomena are weak processes.
• Solar neutrino capture (e.g., Cl-37 + νₑ → Ar-37 + e⁻ in the Homestake experiment).
• Coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEνNS).

4. Nuclear Fusion in Stars

• Proton-proton (pp) chain: The first step, p + p → deuteron + e⁺ + νₑ, is a weak process (converts a proton to a neutron).
• CNO cycle: Involves beta decays (e.g., ¹³N → ¹³C + e⁺ + νₑ).
• Solar hydrogen burning overall depends on the weak force to convert protons into neutrons.

6. Supernova Processes

• Neutronization burst: p + e⁻ → n + νₑ during core collapse.
• Neutrino heating and cooling in core-collapse supernovae (weak interactions drive the explosion mechanism).
• r-process nucleosynthesis: Neutron-rich environments shaped by weak interactions (beta decays, neutrino captures).

7. Higgs Boson Decays

• H → W⁺W⁻ and H → ZZ (weak gauge boson couplings).
• H → fermion pairs (e.g., H → τ⁺τ⁻, H → b b̄) — the Higgs couples to fermions with strength proportional to mass, and these decays involve weak isospin structure.

8. Electroweak Phenomena

• W and Z boson production and decay (e.g., at the LHC: q q̄’ → W → ℓν).
• Neutral current interactions: Z boson exchange (e.g., e⁺e⁻ → Z → f f̄).
• Parity violation in electron scattering (e.g., SLAC E122, Q-weak experiment) — interference between photon and Z exchange.
• Atomic parity violation (e.g., in cesium).
• Møller scattering asymmetry (e⁻e⁻ → e⁻e⁻) due to Z exchange.

9. Muon and Tau Decays

• Muon decay: μ⁻ → e⁻ + ν̄ₑ + ν_μ (pure weak process via W⁻).
• Tau decay: τ⁻ → ν_τ + e⁻ + ν̄ₑ (or μ⁻ + ν̄_μ, or hadrons).
• Pion decay: π⁺ → μ⁺ + ν_μ and π⁺ → e⁺ + νₑ (weak annihilation of quarks).
• Kaon decays (e.g., K⁺ → μ⁺ + ν_μ).

10. Hadronic Weak Decays

• Hyperon decays: Σ⁻ → n + e⁻ + ν̄ₑ, Ξ⁻ → Λ + e⁻ + ν̄ₑ, etc.
• Charmed and beauty baryon decays.

11. Neutron Lifetime and Ultracold Neutron Experiments

• Free neutron beta decay — a pure weak process used to measure the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix element |V_ud|.

12. Weak Mixing and CKM Matrix Phenomena

• Quark mixing (Cabibbo angle, CKM matrix) — manifests in weak decays of hadrons.
• Lepton mixing (PMNS matrix) — manifests in neutrino oscillations and weak decays of leptons.

13. Dark Matter and Beyond-Standard-Model (hypothetical/possible)

• Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) — hypothetical dark matter candidates that would interact via the weak force (and gravity).
• Neutrinoless double beta decay (if observed, would involve Majorana neutrinos and weak interactions).

14. Precision Electroweak Tests

• Z-pole observables at LEP (e⁺e⁻ → Z → f f̄).
• W mass and width measurements.
• Atomic parity violation and Q-weak (already listed).
• Neutrino-electron scattering (e.g., reactor antineutrino experiments).

Summary Table of Key Mediators

The common thread: any process that changes quark or lepton flavor, involves neutrinos, or exhibits parity violation is a weak-force phenomenon.

1. By Mediator Boson

W⁺ / W⁻ Boson Interactions (charged current)

• Lepton decay: μ⁻ → e⁻ + ν̄ₑ + ν_μ
• Neutron beta decay: d → u + e⁻ + ν̄ₑ (n → p + e⁻ + ν̄ₑ)
• Inverse beta decay: ν̄ₑ + p → n + e⁺
• Pion decay: π⁺ → μ⁺ + ν_μ; π⁻ → μ⁻ + ν̄_μ
• Kaon decay: K⁺ → μ⁺ + ν_μ, etc.
• Tau decay: τ⁻ → e⁻ + ν̄ₑ + ν_τ; τ⁻ → μ⁻ + ν̄_μ + ν_τ
• Muon capture: μ⁻ + p → n + ν_μ
• Quark flavor-changing charged currents: c → s + W⁺, t → b + W⁺, etc.
• Semileptonic decays of hadrons (e.g., Λ → p + e⁻ + ν̄ₑ)
• Neutrino charged-current scattering: ν_μ + n → μ⁻ + p
• W boson decays: W⁺ → e⁺ + νₑ, W⁻ → e⁻ + ν̄ₑ, W → μν, τν, ud̄, cs̄

Z⁰ Boson Interactions (neutral current)

• Neutrino neutral-current scattering: ν + e⁻ → ν + e⁻; ν + N → ν + N (coherent/incoherent)
• Electron-positron annihilation: e⁺ + e⁻ → Z⁰ → f + f̄ (all fermions except gluons/photons)
• Z⁰ decays: Z → e⁺e⁻, μ⁺μ⁻, τ⁺τ⁻, νν̄ (all three flavors), qq̄
• Parity-violating electron scattering (e.g., Møller scattering asymmetry)
• Atomic parity violation (weak neutral current between electrons and quarks)
• Neutrino-electron elastic scattering (νₑe, ν_μe, ν_τe — both charged and neutral current for νₑ)
• Coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEνNS)

2. By Process Type

Leptonic Processes

• Muon decay (μ → eνν̄)
• Tau decay (τ → eνν̄, τ → μνν̄)
• Neutrino oscillations (propagation via weak eigenstates; matter effects via weak interactions)
• Neutrino scattering off leptons
• W/Z decays to leptons

Semileptonic Processes

• Neutron beta decay
• Nuclear beta decay (β⁻, β⁺, electron capture)
• Pion/kaon semileptonic decays (π → eν, K → πeν)
• Hyperon semileptonic decays
• B-meson semileptonic decays (B → D*ℓν)
• Inverse muon decay (ν_μ + e⁻ → μ⁻ + νₑ)
• Neutrino-nucleon charged-current scattering

Hadronic (Nonleptonic) Processes

• Nonleptonic hyperon decays (Λ → pπ⁻, Ξ → Λπ)
• Nonleptonic kaon decays (K → ππ)
• Charm/bottom hadron nonleptonic decays
• Penguin transitions (b → s via W loop)
• ΔS = 1 and ΔS = 2 weak transitions (K⁰–K̄⁰ mixing)
• B⁰–B̄⁰ mixing, D⁰–D̄⁰ mixing

4. By Reaction Category

Decays

• Beta decay (β⁻, β⁺, EC)
• Muon/tau decay
• Pion/kaon/hyperon decays
• W/Z decays
• Neutron decay (free neutron)
• Proton decay (hypothetical, GUT-scale — not confirmed)

Scattering

• Neutrino-lepton scattering (charged + neutral current)
• Neutrino-nucleon/nucleus scattering (CC + NC, quasi-elastic, deep inelastic, resonance, coherent)
• Electron-quark scattering (parity-violating)
• Neutrino-nucleus coherent scattering (CEνNS)

Annihilation / Production

• e⁺e⁻ → Z → fermions
• pp → W/Z → leptons (Drell-Yan)
• W/Z associated production
• Neutrino pair production (e⁺e⁻ → νν̄ via Z)

Mixing / Oscillation

• K⁰–K̄⁰ mixing (box diagrams with W)
• B⁰–B̄⁰ mixing
• D⁰–D̄⁰ mixing
• Neutrino oscillations (vacuum and matter/MSW)

Capture

• Muon capture (μ⁻ + p → n + ν_μ)
• Electron capture (p + e⁻ → n + νₑ)

7. Practical/Applied Weak Interactions

• Radiocarbon dating (¹⁴C beta decay)
• Nuclear beta decay in reactors (fission product decay)
• Neutrino detection (inverse beta decay in detectors like KamLAND, Daya Bay)
• Solar neutrino capture (Cl → Ar, Ga → Ge)
• Geoneutrino detection
• Neutron activation analysis
• PET scan isotopes (β⁺ decay of ¹⁸F, etc.)
• Tritium beta decay (KATRIN neutrino mass experiment)
• Muon lifetime measurements
• Parity-violation experiments (SLAC E158, Qweak)